Greek painter, performance artist and sculptor, active in Italy. Kounellis was born in 1936 in Piraeus, Greece. He studied in art college in Athens until 1956 until 1956 and at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome. From 1958 to 1960 he produced Alphabets, expanses of colour with letters, numbers, typographical symbols and road markings superimposed. Such works clearly demonstrated his aim of transcending the poetics of Art informel and pursuing a line of study characterised by contradictory concerns with, on the one hand, the symbols of mass urban and industrial civilisation, and on the other, primitive, fundamental, individual values. These were frequently expressed by the artist's physical participation from 1960 in his own exhibitions at La Tartaruga, thus transforming them into performances.

Kounellis's work developed as a spectacular mixture of painting, collages and the staging of installations, ‘environments', performances and theatrical shows, designed to express the tensions and alienation of contemporary society, and the multiplicity, obscurity and fragmentation of its language. From 1967 he became associated with Arte povera, and his work was characterised by the juxtaposition of objects, materials and actions that were both physically and culturally antithetical to one another. These included raw materials such as stone, cotton, wool and coal, and objets trouvés such as bed-frames, doors and, since 1969, shelves. He also used fire, soot and smoke in his installations and in 1969 brought live horses into the Galleria L'Attico in Rome, stressing the fragmentation of modern society by also introducing elements of traditional culture. His experimentation with unorthodox combinations of materials continued into the 1980s.